2D and 3D Augmented Reality Attention Cueing Comparisons in 3D Target Search

Abstract

This study compared three attentional cueing types to assist the user/participant in visually searching for a target within a simulated naturalistic scene. Participants had to locate a hostile combatant appearing in one of several building windows on an AR-simulated building. Other non-target windows either contain no people or people dressed in non-hostile clothes. We compare the effectiveness of three commonly used attention cues placed in simulated augmented reality on a head mounted display (Magic Leap 2): a 2D wedge arrow pointing toward the target, a 3D Arrow pointing toward the target, and a 3D gaze guidance line, connecting the center of the momentary field of view to the target. Results revealed that the gaze guidance line significantly supported the most rapid cueing and the 3D arrow was slowest and least accurate. The gaze guidance line also induced the fewest head movements. This pattern of results is explained via three mechanisms: the ambiguity of depth perception and the complexity of the 3D arrow, and the ability of the gaze guidance line to always indicate the direction of the target, even when the latter is not in the initial field of view.