Research Progress of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ Anode for Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract

As green rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries feature high energy and power density.However, commonly-used electrolytes, organic compounds, in commercially available lithium-ion batteries are flammable and toxic, which leaves them at the risk of combustion and explosion when being overcharged or short-circuited.In order to solve this problem, much attention has been paid to lithium-ion batteries with aqueous electrolytes, which take low-toxicity and high safety as the prominent advantages.The working voltage, 1.5-2.0V, indicates their usage mainly in the field of energy storage.Considering the hydrogen and oxygen evolution, conventional anode materials used in commercially available lithium-ion batteries are inconformity for water-based lithium-ion batteries.Therefore, the key to the development of aqueous lithium-ion batteries lies in the selection of anodes.The anode material, LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , has drawn the attention of researchers due to its advantages such as three-dimensional channel and appropriate lithium-ion intercalation potential.The synthesis methods of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 mainly include high temperature solid-phasecalcination, Sol-Gel methods and hydrothermal reaction, etc.To further improve the electrochemical performance of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , strategies can be used such as particle nanocrystallization, morphology control, element doping, and carbon-coating.This review focuses on the synthesis and modification of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , as well as related research progress.At last, the future development of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as anode material for lithium-ion battery is properly prospected.