Electrospun Carbon Fibers from Green Solvent-Fractionated Kraft Lignin

Abstract

High production costs and sustainability issues are the main factors limiting the widespread application of carbon fibers in various industrial sectors. Lignin, a by-product from the paper and pulping industry, due to its high carbon content of up to 60%, can be considered a potential replacement for polyacrylonitrile in carbon fiber production. The production of lignins with distinct molecular weight distributions as well as group functionalities is essential to enhance high-value applications of lignin. In this study, we present a simple, green solvent-based fractionation method for LignoBoost softwood kraft lignin to obtain a lignin fraction with tailored physicochemical properties for electrospun carbon fiber production without polymeric spinning additives. Sequential solvent extraction was used to produce two fractions with distinct molecular weights: low-molecular-weight softwood kraft lignin (LMW-SKL) and high-molecular-weight softwood kraft lignin (HMW-SKL). The lignin fractions were characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for the molar mass distribution. The thermal properties of lignins were studied using thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Hydroxyl group content was quantified using quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy. We successfully demonstrated the electrospinning of a high-molecular-weight lignin fraction—obtained in high yield from the fractionation process—without the use of any additives, followed by thermal conversion to produce electrospun carbon fibers. The presented results contribute to the valorization of lignin as well as to the development of green and sustainable technologies.