Development of a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Urea-Based Polymer for Sensitive Detection of Paracetamol

Abstract

In this study, a carbon paste electrode modified with a urea-based polymer was developed for the detection of paracetamol. The electrode design and detection parameters were systematically optimized, including pH, accumulation potential, accumulation time, scan rate, and buffer solution. Employing differential pulse voltammetry, a calibration curve was established over a wide concentration range (10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹⁰ M) .The sensor demonstrated remarkable repeatability, reproducibility, and reliability. Additionally, real-world applicability was confirmed by successfully detecting paracetamol in wastewater samples yielded recovery rates of 95-97.5%, confirming its suitability for real-world scenarios. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed electrode for sensitive and reliable pharmaceutical analysis in complex matrices.