Powering the World of Microrobots with Micro Energy Systems

Abstract

This doctoral thesis addresses the development of micro energy storage and generation systems for microelectronic and biomedical applications, focusing on compact, flexible, and high-performance solutions. By integrating Swiss-roll and origami technologies, modular micro-origami robots (“smartlets”) are developed, capable of incorporating energy harvesters, sensors, processors, micro-LEDs, and actuators. A nano-biosupercapacitor made from fully biocompatible materials is introduced, occupying only 1 nanoliter while delivering up to 1.6 V in blood. Its tubular geometry provides self-protection and enhanced performance via redox enzymes and living cells, enabling it to power integrated pH sensors. Additionally, a micro-organic solar cell using the Swiss-roll design demonstrates 7% power conversion efficiency and broad-angle light absorption, providing energy for surface electrochemical actuators. The thesis further explores 3D self-assembly of thin membranes into modular architectures, enabling smartlets with autonomous, collective functionality, on-board energy harvesting, and inter-module communication. These innovations advance autonomous modular microrobotics and micro-scale energy systems for biomedical and electronic applications.