Colloidal Crystals of Thermosensitive, Core/Shell Hybrid Microgels

Abstract

We present the assembly of colloidal crystals composed of various thermoresponsive core/shell microgels\nand their hybrid microgel counterparts that contain localized Au nanoparticles. To obtain nanostructured\nmicrogels, we conducted a three-stage polymerization. First, core microgels composed of cross-linked poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. Using these microgels\nas cores or “seeds”, a copolymer shell of pNIPAm was added to these core particles using a functional\ncomonomer. Finally, a second shell consisting solely of cross-linked pNIPAm was added onto the preformed\ncore/shell microgels by using this seeded polymerization technique. With use of these core/shell/shell microgels\nas templates, Au nanoparticles were synthesized in situ, using the cationic sites in the inner shell to nucleate\nparticle growth. To control the optical properties of the Au nanoparticles, electroless Au plating was carried\nout with use of the preformed Au nanoparticles in the microgel as seeds. These hybrid microgels retained\ntheir thermoresponsive properties and possessed a high degree of size uniformity as confirmed by dynamic\nlight scattering and were assembled into three-dimensional colloidal crystals by using thermal annealing\nprocesses. The resulting colloidal crystals were characterized by optical microscopy and reflectance\nspectroscopy. This synthetic design for producing distinctive, functional building blocks could be expanded\nto enable the creation of complex tunable optical materials containing refractive index periodicity on multiple\nlength scales.