Grafting Nitrilotriacetic Groups onto Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Self-Assembled\nMonolayers on Gold Surfaces for Immobilization of Histidine-Tagged Proteins

Abstract

In this paper, we report a common intermediate method to present nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) groups on gold\nsurfaces for immobilizing His-tagged proteins onto the surfaces, and a full characterization of self-assembled\nmonolayers (SAMs) terminating in carboxylic acids [HS(CH₂)₁₅COOH (C15-COOH), HS(CH₂)₁₁(OCH₂CH₂)₃OCH₂COOH (EG3-COOH), and HS(CH₂)₁₁(OCH₂CH₂)₅OCH₂COOH (EG5-COOH)] and coupling reactions\nof an NTA-containing primary amine [(1S)-<i>N</i>-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid; NTA−NH₂] with\nthe carboxylic acid on surfaces. The lateral packing densities of the COOH-terminated SAMs were calculated\nto be 4.32 (for C15-COOH), 3.49 (for EG3-COOH), and 2.65 (for EG5-COOH) molecules/nm². The packing\ndensities were decreased by incorporating a relatively flexible ethylene glycol (EG) group into the backbone\nof alkanethiols and increasing the number of the EG groups in the backbone of alkanethiols. The NTA group\nwas then attached by coupling NTA−NH₂ with the COOH group on the surfaces, followed by a Ni(II)\ncomplexation. The coupling reaction was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and XPS, and\nthe coupling efficiency (“yield”) was estimated by comparing the experimentally determined N 1s to S 2p\n(N/S) ratio of XPS data with the N/S ratio calculated for the functionalization of the SAMs presenting NTA-Ni(II): the coupling yields were 30% (for C15-COOH) and 25% (for EG3-COOH and EG5-COOH).\nPreliminary experiments on the binding of His-tagged proteins onto the surfaces were also performed.