Nanoporous\nRed Phosphorus on Reduced Graphene Oxide\nas Superior Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

As\na potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion\nbatteries (SIBs) have attracted more and more attention due to the\nlower cost of sodium than lithium. Red phosphorus (RP) is an especially\npromising anode for SIBs with the highest theoretical capacity of\n2596 mAh g^–1, which faces the challenges of large\nvolume change and low conductivity. Herein, we develop a nanoporous\nRP on reduced graphene oxide (NPRP@RGO) as a high-performance anode\nfor SIBs through boiling. Its nanoporous structure could accommodate\nthe volume change and minimize the ion diffusion length, and the high\nelectronic conductive network built on RGO sheets facilitates the\nfast electron and ion transportation. As a result, NPRP@RGO exhibits\na superhigh capacity (1249.7 mAh g_composite^–1 after 150 cycles at 173.26 mA g_composite^–1), superior rate capability (656.9 mAh g_composite^–1 at 3465.28 mA g_composite^–1), and ultralong cycle life at 5.12 A g_RP^–1 for RP-based electrodes (775.3 mAh g_RP^–1 after 1500 cycles). The successful synthesis of NPRP@RGO marks a\nsignificant enhanced performance for RP-based SIB anodes, providing\na scalable synthesis route for nanoporous structures.