Wearable Vertical Graphene-Based Microneedle Biosensor\nfor Real-Time Ketogenic Diet Management

Abstract

Ketogenic\ndiets have attracted substantial interest in the treatment\nof chronic diseases, but there are health risks with long-term regimes.\nDespite the advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic methods in\nmodern medicine, there is a huge gap in personalized health management\nof this dietary strategy. Hence, we present a wearable microneedle\nbiosensor for real-time ketone and glucose monitoring. The microneedle\narray possesses excellent mechanical properties, allowing for consistent\nsampling of interstitial biomarkers while reducing the pain associated\nwith skin puncture. Vertical graphene with outstanding electrical\nconductivity provides the resulting sensor with a high sensitivity\nof 234.18 μA mM^–1 cm^–2 and\na low limit detection of 1.21 μM. When this fully integrated\nbiosensor was used in human volunteers, it displayed an attractive\nanalytical capability for tracking the dynamic metabolite levels.\nMoreover, the results of the on-body evaluation established a significant\ncorrelation with commercial blood measurements. Overall, this cost-effective\nand efficient sensing platform can accelerate the application of a\nketogenic diet in personal nutrition and wellness management.