Li<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>1.5</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/C Electrode Material for Lithium\nIon Batteries Exhibiting Faster Kinetics and Enhanced Stability
Mohammed Srout (8704431)Nam Hee Kwon (2613787)Hicham Ben Youcef (8704434)Nawal Semlal (8704437)Katharina M. Fromm (1444198)Ismael Saadoune (1609261)
Abstract
Natrium\nsuper ionic conductor (NASICON) materials providing attractive\nproperties such as high ionic conductivity and good structural stability\nare considered as very promising materials for use as electrodes for\nlithium- and sodium-ion batteries. Herein, a new high-performance\nelectrode material, Li<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>1.5</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/C, was synthesized via\nthe sol–gel method and was electrochemically tested as an anode\nfor lithium ion batteries, providing enhanced electrochemical performance\nas a result of nickel substitution into the lithium site in the LiTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> family of materials. The synthesized\nmaterial showed good ionic conductivity, excellent structural stability,\nstable long-term cycling performance, and improved high rate cycling\nperformance compared to LiTi<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. The Li<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>1.5</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/C electrode delivered reversible capacities\nof about 93 and 68% of its theoretical one at current rates of 0.1\nC (6.42 mA·g<sup>–1</sup>) after 100 cycles and 5 C (320.93\nmA·g<sup>–1</sup>) after 1000 cycles, respectively. Theoretically,\nthree Li<sup>+</sup> ions can be inserted into the vacancies of the\nLi<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>1.5</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/C structure. However, when the electrode is\ndischarged to 0.5 V, more than three Li<sup>+</sup> ions are inserted\ninto the NASICON structure, leading to its structural transformation,\nand thus to an irreversible electrochemical behavior after the first\ndischarge process.
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