Flash Flood Modeling in Changing Hydrological Conditions Using a Hydrological Model and Radar Rainfall Data

Abstract

Alcohol withdrawal therapy can be simplified with a loading dose of diazepam, taking advantage of the kinetic tapering afforded by the drug's long t 1/2s and its metabolites, and of the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic maneuvers. In a double-blind trial, 50 inpatients in moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal received 20 mg oral diazepam and supportive care (n = 25) or placebo and supportive care (n = 25) every 2 hr until they were asymptomatic. Fifty-six percent of patients responded to placebo within 5 +/- 2.9 hr (mean +/- SD), whereas 72% responded to initial diazepam within 6.3 +/- 3.9 hr. Patients treated with diazepam had more rapid and greater improvement than those treated with placebo. Patients who did not respond to six doses of diazepam received further (unblinded) diazepam, 20 mg, every 1 to 2 hr. All patients who did not initially respond (n = 18) improved after more diazepam. Thus all patients who received diazepam (n = 36), during the experimental phase or subsequently, were effectively treated. There were no adverse effects. The median number of 20-mg diazepam doses to treat alcohol withdrawal were three, given over a period of 7.6 hr (range = 1 to 12 and 0.33 to 45 hr). Complications occurred only in those who received placebo during the experimental phase, indicating that delay in therapy may be responsible for the appearance of complications in alcohol withdrawal.