Application of Nano-Silicon Based Materials in Anode of Lithium Ion Battery

Abstract

As a fundamental element in advanced energy storage systems, the characteristics of lithium-ion battery anode materials critically determine overall cell performance. While conventional graphite anodes with limited theoretical capacity (372 mAh/g) struggle to meet high energy density requirements, silicon-based materials boasting an exceptional theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g have emerged as promising alternatives. Nevertheless, practical implementation faces significant challenges due to structural degradation and interface instability induced by over 300% volumetric expansion during lithiation/delithiation processes. This review comprehensively examines nano-engineered silicon materials for anode applications, with particular emphasis on three principal configurations: silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs), silicon nanowires (Si-NWs), and porous/networked silicon structures-analyzing their defining characteristics, fundamental properties, and recent technological advancements. Comparative studies of silicon nanomaterials with distinct microstructures reveal their respective merits and limitations. Experimental evidence demonstrates that nanostructuring effectively enhances electrochemical performance. Although current research remains confined to laboratory-scale exploration, these findings establish valuable technical foundations for future commercial-scale production.