Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Harnessing Electrodes for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices

Abstract

The shift toward sustainable energy systems necessitates the expansion of efficient and eco-friendly carbon materials for energy storage and conversion. Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted considerable interest owing to their sustainability, adjustable physicochemical properties, and economic feasibility. Derived from agricultural waste, lignocellulosic biomass, and other organic sources, these materials exhibit unique structural and chemical characteristics, such as a high surface area, heteroatom doping, and tunable porosity, that enhance their electrochemical performance. This chapter explores the role of biomass-derived carbon materials in energy storage technologies, with a particular focus on their applications in batteries and supercapacitors. A range of synthesis methods, including carbonization, activation, and functionalization, is discussed to illustrate how electrochemical properties can be optimized for improved performance. Additionally, the electrochemical efficiency and durability of these carbon materials are evaluated in comparison to conventional high-cost alternatives. Biomass-derived carbon materials contribute to a reduced carbon footprint, promote resource circularity, and facilitate the valorization of waste. Their scalability and commercialization potential are examined by considering factors such as raw material availability, processing challenges, and long-term stability. Biomass-derived carbon materials present a promising pathway toward more sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions by integrating green chemistry principles with advanced materials engineering.