Osteogenic-Inducing Apatite/Agarose/Gelatin Hybrid Scaffolds Embedding Gold Nanoparticles

Abstract

Objectives: To prepare porous scaffolds combining hydrogel and hydroxycarbonateapatite, enriched with a promising therapeutic agent, gold nanoparticles, to improve bone regeneration. The fabrication procedure is conducted under mild conditions, without toxic or aggressive chemicals, at physiological pH, and low temperatures; Methods: Gold nanoparticles (15–20 nm), were obtained by the Turkevith method. The scaffolds were fabricated by the GELPOR3D method, which has demonstrated its ability to integrate thermal labile molecules, during the scaffold fabrication process. The role of these nanoparticles in promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization processes in vitro has been studied using osteoprogenitor MC3T3-E1 cells; Results: The scaffold fabrication conditions, combined with the surface functionalization of the gold nanoparticles with poly(ethylene glycol), ensure their uniform distribution throughout the scaffold and facilitate their gradual release over 48 h in a physiological medium. A significant increase in the mean cell area and a significant decrease in the circularity index during the early stages of osteoblast differentiation are observed. These pieces of evidence suggest that adequate cell spreading could lead to enhanced proliferation and matrix deposition activity; Conclusions: Scaffolds containing these gold nanoparticles exhibited a marked improvement in adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization of preosteoblasts (MC3T3 cells) at the concentrations studied. The functionalization of the nanoparticles, along with the shaping procedure employed, is critical for their homogeneous dispersion throughout the scaffold and their progressive release. The findings confirm the crucial role of gold nanoparticles in the early stages of osteoblast differentiation, which is essential for the transition from premature osteoblasts to mature osteoblasts.