Laser‐Induced Graphene Sensor for the Electrochemical Detection of Acetaminophen

Abstract

Abstract Here we present a simple and efficient method for fabricating laser‐induced graphene (LIG) electrodes for the electrochemical detection of acetaminophen (AAP), a crucial analgesic and antipyretic that can become toxic at elevated concentrations. Unlike conventional sensors that require intricate chemical modifications, the fabricated LIG‐based sensor eliminates the need for functionalization, offering a streamlined sensing solution. The LIG electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of a highly porous graphene network with excellent purity and conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry analysis with a ferricyanide redox probe revealed a large electroactive surface area of 1.21 cm 2 , indicating enhanced charge transfer efficiency. For AAP detection, square wave voltammetry was employed at an optimized frequency of 10 Hz and amplitude of 70 mV, achieving the widest linear detection range of 10–150 µM ( R 2 = 0.997) and a low detection limit of 1.58 µM. The sensor demonstrated exceptional repeatability over 10 consecutive scans and robust selectivity against common interfering substances, including ascorbic acid and dopamine. The LIG‐based sensor was successfully tested in synthetic urine enriched with serum and commercial pharmaceutical tablet samples, demonstrating reliable and accurate AAP quantification for next‐generation biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.