Heavy Metal Contamination in Water: Detection and Remediation Strategies

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in water has emerged as a critical environmental and public health issue in India due to rapid industrialization, agricultural runoff, and ineffective waste management systems. This review paper synthesizes existing research and data (up to 2014) to assess the extent of contamination, primary sources, detection techniques, toxicological impacts, and remediation strategies specific to the Indian context. Data from national and regional studies reveal widespread contamination by arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury, with levels in several regions exceeding WHO and BIS standards. The paper evaluates traditional detection methods like Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry alongside emerging field-friendly approaches such as biosensors and GIS-based monitoring. Toxicological impacts include neurological, renal, and carcinogenic effects, especially in vulnerable populations. Remediation techniques such as membrane filtration, phytoremediation, and biosorption using agricultural waste show varying degrees of effectiveness, with phytoremediation being both eco-friendly and cost-efficient in rural settings. Despite technological advances, disparities in implementation persist due to infrastructure limitations and lack of awareness. The study emphasizes the need for integrated, cost-effective, and community-based solutions along with stronger policy enforcement. It calls for future research to focus on sustainable and scalable remediation technologies, rural-urban equity in monitoring, and the incorporation of indigenous practices in water management frameworks.