Date Seed-Derived Activated Carbon: A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals in groundwater and wastewater has been a concern for health organizations. This study investigated the effectiveness of activated carbon derived from various natural precursors, including acorns from red oak trees (Quercus rubra), date seeds, and peach seeds, employing the thermal activation method for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption tests investigated the effects of sorbent quantity, pH levels, disinfectant presence, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the removal efficiency of Pb and Cu. Characterization of the prepared activated carbon was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lead removal efficiency diminished at pH 7 relative to pH 3 and 5, but copper exhibited superior removal efficiencies at pH 7 compared to pH 5. The addition of monochloramine at 4 parts per million (ppm) effectively eliminated lead from the solution. A rise in free chlorine concentration from 2 to 4 mg/L led to a reduction in metal removal from water by 20 to 60%. DOM at concentrations of 1 and 6 mg/L reduced metal removal efficacy relative to DOM at 3 mg/L. Date seed-activated carbons underscore their distinctive potential, offering useful insights for the enhancement of water and wastewater treatment systems.