Características metagenómicas de la microbiota intestinal en individuos con obesidad. Una revisión bibliográfica

Abstract

Obesity is a major public health problem and is currently considered a pandemic. Some of the proposals for its treatment are the change of eating habits and lifestyle, as well as medical or surgical treatment. However, the current problem of obesity prompts the study of new preventive and / or therapeutic proposals since current therapies have not been sufficiently capable of reducing morbidity and mortality rates. The study of the gut microbiota in obesity is an important, broad field of information and novelty that is still in its infancy and therefore more information needs to be generated. Today, the gut microbiota is recognized to play an important role in health and disease. This work aims to demonstrate the relationship between the bacterial intestinal metagenome and obesity in humans. Therefore, a bibliographic review of the current literature was carried out to describe the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and its participation in obesity. The search was carried out in the databases of Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science, between 2010 and 2020 of original articles and reviews. Finding that there are associations between the intestinal microbiota and metabolic, immunological, and neuroendocrine regulation in individuals with obesity. It is concluded that the metagenomic characteristics of the intestinal microbiota of individuals with normal weight compared to individuals with obesity are very different. Since in obese individuals, bacterial diversity and richness decrease notably, particularly due to the increase in Firmicutes phyla and the decrease in Bifidobacterium. Also emphasizing that the decrease in the genera Clostridium leptum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila have an important role in the generation of immunometabolism alterations in the host. Therefore, the modification of the intestinal microbiota is a potential object of study to assist in the prevention and / or treatment of obesity.