Applications of MXenes in Electrochemical Sensors

Abstract

Electroanalysis has attained substantial development in a short span of time, particularly exploring novel applications such as electrochemical sensing. The electrochemical sensors comprise orthodox non-biosensors, biosensors, electrochemical sensors, and another emerging classes of optoelectronic sensors, that is, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors and photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors. Moreover, numerous technologically advanced electrochemical sensing devices are used for real-world applications, like multiplexed concurrent recognition of biomarkers related to disease without invasive body fluid examination. However, there is a strong need for performance improvement of these sensors; therefore, exploring a new class of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials such as MXene can add significant value to this research area. MXenes have exclusive properties that make them attractive for sensor applications, such as lower electrical resistance, exceptional electrochemical properties, and high surface area. The present chapter discusses the application of lately recognized MXenes as efficient electrode materials for electrochemical sensing. The MXene family of materials was first developed in 2011. Since the first MXene-based electrode material was developed for electrochemical sensors in 2014, there has been a rapid increase in the development of these kinds of nanomaterials for various types of sensors, including bio- and non-biosensors that operate electrochemically, flexible sensors, photoelectrochemical sensors, and also electrochemiluminescence sensors. The unique properties of MXene-based materials allow them to serve as efficient transducers in sensor devices, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of analytes. MXene-based materials have been commonly used for the detection of biomolecules, environmental pollutants, and various chemicals. They have also been used in flexible sensors for wearable applications, making them attractive for the development of personalized health monitoring devices. Overall, the development of MXene-based materials has opened new avenues for the development of high-performing sensors with better sensitivity. With ongoing research and development, we can expect to see even more diverse applications of MXene-based materials in the future.