High-Performance Iridium–Molybdenum Oxide Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation in Acid: Bayesian Optimization Discovery and Experimental Testing

Abstract

Ir oxides are costly and scarce catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid. There has been extensive interest in developing alternatives that are either Ir-free or require smaller amounts of Ir to drive the reactions at acceptable rates. One design strategy is to identify Ir-based mixed oxides that achieve similar performance while requiring smaller amounts of Ir. The obstacle to this strategy has been a very large phase space of the Ir-based mixed metal oxides, in terms of the metals combined with Ir and the different crystallographic structures of the mixed oxides, which prevents a thorough exploration of possible materials. In this work, we developed a workflow that uses machine-learning-aided Bayesian optimization in combination with density functional theory to make the exploration of this phase space plausible. This screening identified Mo as a promising dopant for forming acid-tolerant Ir-based oxides for the OER. We synthesized and characterized the Ir-Mo mixed oxides in the form of thin-film electrocatalysts with a known surface area. We show that these mixed oxides exhibited overpotentials ∼30 mV lower than a pure Ir control while maintaining 24% lower Ir dissolution rates than the Ir control. These findings suggest that Mo is a promising dopant and highlight the promise of machine learning to guide the experimental exploration and optimization of catalytic materials.