Photodynamic therapy strategy based on nanoscale metal-organic frameworks

Abstract

The rising incidence of malignancies presents a significant global challenge for healthcare professionals. Current cancer treatment strategies often result in suboptimal survival rates and reduced quality of life for patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach with minimal cumulative toxicity, broad applicability, and potential for combination therapies. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a versatile platform for PDT due to their unique composition and adjustable structure, enabling them to serve as a photosensitizers (PS) or carriers for therapeutic agents. By harnessing the potential of MOFs-based nanomaterials, PDT can be tailored to achieve multifunctionality. This review aims to explore strategies that enhance the effectiveness of PDT through optimizing the three essential components: PS, oxygen supply, and light activation. Specifically, we discuss approaches to boost reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, address challenges posed by hypoxic tumor environments, and develop synergistic therapies. Furthermore, we highlight potential clinical applications of nano-platforms in PDT and examine the associated challenges.