An Efficient Spatial-Temporal Trajectory Planner for Autonomous Vehicles in Unstructured Environments

Abstract

As a fundamental component of autonomous driving systems, motion planning has garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. This paper focuses on efficient and spatial-temporal optimal trajectory optimization in unstructured environments using compact convex approximations of vehicle shapes. Conventional approaches typically model the task as an optimal control problem by discretizing the motion process in state configuration space. However, this often results in a tradeoff between optimality and efficiency since generating high-quality motion trajectories often requires high-precision discretization of the dynamic process, which imposes a substantial computational burden. To address this issue, we leverage the differential flatness property of car-like robots to simplify the trajectory representation and analytically formulate the spatial-temporal joint optimization problem with flat outputs in a compact manner, while ensuring the feasibility of nonholonomic dynamics. Moreover, we achieve efficient obstacle avoidance with a collision-free driving corridor for unmodelled obstacles and signed distance approximations for dynamic moving objects. We present comprehensive benchmarks with State-of-the-Art methods, demonstrating the significance of the proposed method in terms of efficiency and trajectory quality. Real-world experiments verify the practicality of our algorithm. We will release our codes for the research community. IEEE