Electrochemically Pretreated Sensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Modified with Pb Nanoparticles for Determination of Testosterone

Abstract

Testosterone (TST), despite its good properties, may be harmful to the human organism and the environment. Therefore, monitoring biological fluids and environmental samples is important. An electrochemically pretreated screen-printed carbon sensor modified with Pb nanoparticles (pSPCE/PbNPs) was successfully prepared and used for the determination of TST. The surface morphology and electrochemical properties of unmodified and modified sensors were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Selective determinations of TST at the pSPCE/PbNPs were carried out by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV, EPb dep.and TST acc. of −1.1 V, t Pb dep.and TST acc. of 120 s, ΔEA of 50 mV, ν of 175 mV s−1, and tm of 5 ms) in a solution containing 0.075 mol L−1 acetate buffer of pH = 4.6 ± 0.1, and 7.5 × 10−5 mol L−1 Pb(NO3)2. The analytical signal obtained at the potential around −1.42 V (vs. silver pseudo-reference electrode) is related to the reduction process of TST adsorbed onto the electrode surface. The use of pSPCE/PbNPs allows obtaining a very low limit of TST detection (2.2 × 10−12 mol L−1) and wide linear ranges of the calibration graph (1.0 × 10−11–1.0 × 10−10, 1.0 × 10−10–2.0 × 10−9, and 2.0 × 10−9–2.0 × 10−8 mol L−1). The pSPCE/PbNPs were successfully applied for the determination of TST in reference material of human urine and wastewater purified in a sewage treatment plant without preliminary preparation.