Imagine two ancient herdsmen bargaining with each other over an exchange of cattle. Who got the better deal would be a matter of poverty and riches. By representing concepts from the real world, such as 'the size of a herd', with mathematical ideas, such as 'number', our early ancestors were able to use mathematics to manage their environment.KeywordsReal WorldModelling CycleMathematical IdeaMathematical ThoughtPrevious Case StudyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.