Blockchain-Enabled Secure Internet of Vehicles

Abstract

Smart cities provide sustainable transport ecosystems to connect autonomous vehicles through sensors and networking units. Similarly, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) plays a prominent role in addressing issues of road safety, traffic, and the security of autonomous vehicles. Due to the mission-critical nature of IoV, it requires effective and real-time communication among Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) units. However, due to the open nature of wireless channels, an adversary can form informed attacks on IoV nodes and can cause potential disruptions. Motivated by the aforementioned facts, we present a systematic review of blockchain adoption in IoV to mitigate attacks. A solution taxonomy of potential attack vectors and the attack countermeasures are proposed. A blockchain-based certification case study is presented in the survey to build trust and secure data exchange in the untrusted decentralized IoV ecosystem. Next, we present the research challenges and possible countermeasures, with concluding remarks. The survey intends to bridge the gap in earlier surveys to address issues of blockchain adoption in IoV with a possible adversary model.