Microalgae-Based Bioremediation of Refractory Pollutants in Wastewater

Abstract

Industrialization and urbanization have resulted in increased environmental pollution that requires urgent redress. Certain environmental pollutants are extremely difficult to remove once released into the environment, and therefore become refractory. Microalgae are a potential solution in this regard. Firstly, because of their ubiquitous nature, coupled with their fast growth rate, ability to grow on waste resources, and ease of cultivation. And secondly, their natural adaptability to harsh environments is indicative of their ability to do well in assimilating certain toxic or refractory pollutants, thereby reducing their existence in the environment. This chapter will discuss the microalgae-based bioremediation of refractory pollutants such as heavy metals, biological and chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen, and radionuclides, among others. Additionally, the mechanisms involved in the bioremediation processes will be elaborated, along with the influence of wastewater conditions on bioremediation processes.