Double‐layered SnO₂/NH₄Cl‐SnO₂ for efficient planar perovskite solar cells with improved operational stability

Abstract

Abstract Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is widely used as an electron transport layer (ETL) to fabricate planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their easy and low‐temperature processed fabrication. Enhancing carrier extraction and energy level alignment at the perovskite/SnO 2 interface is vital to improve the device performance further. Here, we demonstrate a double‐layered SnO 2 / NH 4 Cl‐SnO 2 as an efficient ETL. The top NH 4 Cl‐SnO 2 shows a better energy level alignment with the perovskite and reduced alkalinity to avoid perovskite degradation, resulting in enhanced electron extraction efficiency and interfacial stability. Furthermore, the bottom SnO 2 retains the capability of efficient carrier transport to avoid charge accumulation. As a result, we achieve a champion device with a power conversion efficiency of 21.01% and negligible hysteresis. Moreover, the corresponding PSCs show much improved operational stability, retaining 80% of the initial efficiency after 1090 hours of operation at the maximum power point under 1‐sun illumination. While the pristine SnO 2 based PSCs only insist on 278 hours before losing 20% of the initial efficiency.