Vessel Density and Vessel Tortuosity Quantitative Analysis of Arteritic and Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathies: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to perform quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) assessment of arteritic and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathies (AION; NAION). The study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional case series. All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic evaluation including LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCTA images, and dye-based angiography. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was obtained from structural OCT, and vessel density (VD) and vessel tortuosity (VT) were measured for each optic nerve head vascular plexus. After selecting the quadrants showing visual field defects, measured by Humphrey 30.2 perimetry (Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA), we assessed the correlation between the localization of visual field defects and the quadrants showing impairments of RNFL, VD, and VT. Thirty naïve AION patients (15 arteritic AION (AAION) and 15 non-arteritic AION (NAION)) were included. LogMAR BCVA was 0.6 ± 0.2 for AAION and 0.3 ± 0.3 for NAION (p < 0.01). AAION and NAION eyes showed significant differences in terms of visual field involvement as well as VD and VT values, with remarkably worse alterations affecting AAION eyes. VD values perfectly matched with the quadrants showing RNFL and visual field defects. On the contrary, VT resulted remarkably decreased in all the quadrants, with even worse values in the quadrants showing RNFL and visual field alterations. The present study showed that AAION eyes are more injured than NAION ones. VD represents a good parameter for the detection of the main site on vascular impairment. Remarkably, VT resulted in a more sensitive parameter for the quantitative detection of blood flow impairment in AION disease.