TiO₂/Diazonium/Graphene Oxide Composites: Synthesis and Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

Abstract

In the present article, the synthesis of TiO 2 /diazonium/graphene oxide and its photocatalytic activity for methylene blue (MB) degradation have been demonstrated. The functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with diazonium salt (diazonium-GO) was conducted for enhancing the dispersibility of GO in distilled water. TiO 2 was highly dispersed in diazonium-GO to form TiO 2 /diazonium/graphene. The obtained specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the TiO 2 phase in TiO 2 /diazonium/GO composites can be controlled by adjusting the amount of ethanol or titanium oxide in the reactant mixture. The obtained composites exhibited photocatalytic activities for methylene blue degradation (MB). The composite with ac . 70% anatase can provide the highest MB degradation efficiency. The studying of some intermediates for MB photocatalytic degradation using LC-MS showed that structure of MB by the cleavage and oxidation of one or more of the methyl group substituent on the amine groups lead to form compounds with low molecular masses. Total organic carbon studies confirmed a complete mineralization of MB. The present catalyst was stable and recyclable after three times with a negligible loss of catalytic activity. In addition, the TiO 2 /diazonium/GO can also photocatalyze for the degradation of some other dyes (phenol, methyl red, and Congo red).