Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Electrode Architectures for Next Generation Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Abstract

Electrochemical energy storage devices with high energy density and high power density are crucial for renewable energy sources and smart grids. Conventional layered electrodes involve tradeoffs between large surface area and rapid ionic transport within the electrodes and electrolyte. Three dimensional electrodes with aperiodic porosity and an open flexible network structure have been investigated for both batteries and supercapacitors. The recent developments in materials, architectural design and fabrication of templated vertical nanowire arrays, ambigels, aerogels and inverse opal electrodes are critically reviewed. In addition, electrolyte integration with 3D electrodes and scale-up challenges beyond microelectromechanical system applications are also discussed.