Aqueous Phase Aldol Condensation of Formaldehyde and Acetone on Anatase TiO₂(101) Surface: A Theoretical Investigation

Abstract

Abstract A mechanistic understanding of catalytic reactions at solid‐liquid interface is limited both experimentally and theoretically but attracts much interest. Using density functional theory calculations (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we investigated the effect of liquid water on α‐H abstraction, C−C coupling, and dehydration steps of aldol condensation of formaldehyde and acetone on an anatase TiO 2 (101) surface. The existence of the aqueous phase lowered the Gibbs energy of activation of dehydration step pronouncedly from 187 to 74 kJ/mol through proton transfer mechanism, making the hydrogenation pathway more favorable in the aqueous phase. In contrast, a mixed route prevails in the vapor phase. This work provides insights into the effect of the bulk water through a proton transfer mechanism on the dehydrogenation, C−C coupling, and dehydration steps.