Stretchable and Self-Healable Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Multimodal Touch Sensors with Thermoresponsive Behavior

Abstract

Multifunctional hydrogels with properties including transparency, flexibility, self-healing, and high electrical conductivity have attracted great attention for their potential application to soft electronic devices. The presence of an ionic species can make hydrogels conductive in nature. However, the conductivity of hydrogels is often influenced by temperature, due to the change of the internal nano/microscopic structure when temperature reaches the sol-gel phase transition temperature. In this regard, by introducing a novel surface-capacitive sensor device based on polymers with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, near-perfect stimulus discriminability of touch and temperature may be realized. Here, we demonstrate a multimodal sensor that can monitor the location of touch points and temperature simultaneously, using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) in hybrid poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium tetraborate decahydrate cross-linked hydrogels doped with poly(sodium acrylate) (SA) [w/w/w = 5:2.7:1-3]. This multimodal sensor exhibits a response time of 0.3 s and a temperature coefficient of resistance of -0.58% K^-1 from 20 to 40 °C. In addition, the LCST behavior of PNIPAAm-incorporated PVA/SA gels is investigated. Incorporation of LCST polymers into high-end hydrogel systems may contribute to the development of temperature-dependent soft electronics that can be applied in smart windows.