Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels below Water Freezing Temperature

Abstract

Abstract Hydrogels consist of hydrophilic polymer networks dispersed in water. Many applications of hydrogels rely on their unique combination of solid‐like mechanical behavior and water‐like transport properties. If the temperature is lowered below 0 °C, however, hydrogels freeze and become rigid, brittle, and non‐conductive. Here, a general class of hydrogels that do not freeze at temperatures far below 0 °C, while retaining high stretchability and fracture toughness, is demonstrated. These hydrogels are synthesized by adding a suitable amount of an ionic compound to the hydrogel. The present study focuses on tough polyacrylamide‐alginate double network hydrogels equilibrated with aqueous solutions of calcium chloride. The resulting hydrogels can be cooled to temperatures as low as −57 °C without freezing. In this temperature range, the hydrogels can still be stretched more than four times their initial length and have a fracture toughness of 5000 J m −2 . It is anticipated that this new class of hydrogels will prove useful in developing new applications operating under a broad range of environmental and atmospheric conditions.