A Self-Healing Cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly(ethylene glycol) Nanocomposite Hydrogel via Diels–Alder Click Reaction

Abstract

Self-healing hydrogels are particularly desirable for increased safety and functional lifetimes because of stress-induced deformation and propagation of cracks. In this paper, we report a tough, highly resilient, fast self-recoverable, and self-healing nanocomposite hydrogel, which builds an interpenetrated network encapsulating rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by flexible polymer chains of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). A thermally reversible covalent Diels–Alder click reaction between furyl-modified CNCs and maleimide-end-functionalized PEG was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Uniaxial tensile tests and unconfined compression tests displayed outstanding mechanical properties of the hydrogels with a high fracture elongation up to 690% and a fracture strength up to 0.3 MPa at a strain of 90%. Cyclic loading–unloading tests showed excellent self-recovery and antifatigue properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels. The self-healing capability of nanocomposite hydrogels assessed by tension tests was found to be as high as 78%. The self-healing CNC-PEG nanocomposite hydrogels would shed insight into designing reusable and renewable polymeric hydrogels.