Ripples in Graphene Sheets and Nanoribbons

Abstract

We study the influence of ripple waves on graphene sheets and graphene nanoribbons. Such waves are originating from the electromechanical effects, among other possible mechanisms. By considering variations in the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement vector, we show that the spontaneous generation of ripple waves has no preferred orientation. Intrinsic properties of ripple waves induce a large pseudopotential that in its turn is to induce large pseudomagentic fields that can be implemented into the band engineering of graphene structures.