Mechanistic Investigation of Photon Upconversion in Nd³⁺-Sensitized Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Abstract

A new type of core-shell upconversion nanoparticles which can be effectively excited at 795 nm has been designed and synthesized through spatially confined doping of neodymium (Nd(3+)) ions. The use of Nd(3+) ions as sensitizers facilitates the energy transfer and photon upconversion of a series of lanthanide activators (Er(3+), Tm(3+), and Ho(3+)) at a biocompatible excitation wavelength (795 nm) and also significantly minimizes the overheating problem associated with conventional 980 nm excitation. Importantly, the core-shell design enabled high-concentration doping of Nd(3+) (~0 mol %) in the shell layer and thus markedly enhanced the upconversion emission from the activators, providing highly attractive luminescent biomarkers for bioimaging without autofluorescence and concern of overheating.