Charge Tunable Zwitterionic Polyampholyte Layers Formed in Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Microchannels through Photochemical Graft Polymerization

Abstract

Zwitterionic layers immobilized on various surfaces exhibit ideal biocompatibility and antifouling capability, but direct immobilization of zwitterionic molecules provides limited choice of surface charges. In this paper, the formation of charge tunable zwitterionic polyampholyte layers onto the surface of microfluidic channels of cyclic olefin copolymer by photochemical graft polymerization of mixed acrylic monomers, [2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic, under UV illumination was reported. With this method, surface charge of the resulting modification layers could be tailored through the initial monomer ratio and reaction conditions. The incorporation of both monomers into the grafted layers was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The results indicate that the modified layers are hydrophilic with contact angles of 33.0-44.3°, and the isoelectric points of the modified layers can be tuned from <3 to >9 simply by adjusting the monomer ratios. Elimination of the nonspecific adsorption of proteins on the zwitterionic layers thus formed was proved by fluorescent microscopy and streaming potential measurement. The uniformity of the modified layers was verified through a comparison of electrophoresis inside the modified and native microchannels. A whole blood coagulation time measurement was performed to show its applicability.