Impedance measurements in polarography: apparatus for accurate wide-frequency work

Abstract

Instrumentation is described that has proved capable of measuring the magnitude and phase shift of the impedance of a polarographic cell with an accuracy to 1% at frequencies between 5 Hz and 32 kHz. This capability applies to situations where the impedance is large (e.g. double-layer capacitance measurements) as well as when it is small (e.g. faradaic-impedance measurements).