Blockade of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) Protects against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Muscle Flaps at Microcirculatory Level

Abstract

Several lines of evidence show that platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), a component of endothelial cell junctions, is required for leukocyte transmigration through endothelial cell monolayers. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. We sought to determine whether administering an anti-PECAM-1 antibody would prevent or attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat cremaster muscle flap injury model. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group I (control): Cremaster muscle island flaps were dissected for baseline measurements of eight indicators: numbers of rolling, sticking, and transmigrating neutrophils, numbers of rolling and sticking lymphocytes, number of perfused capillaries, endothelial edema, and vessel permeability. Group II: The prepared cremaster flap was subjected to 4 hours of ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion. Group III: The muscle flap was subjected to ischemia and reperfusion as in group II, and anti-PECAM-1 antibodies (1 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously 15 minutes before reperfusion. Blood vessels were observed in vivo under an intravital microscopy system. Microvascular permeability was made visible with injected fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled albumin and evaluated with Kontron Elektronik computer software. The ischemia-reperfusion-alone group (group II) presented a 225-percent increase in the activation of sticking leukocytes (2.4 +/- 0.4 to 7.8 +/- 0.8, p < 0.05) (p < 0.01). This leukocyte activation was reduced by 83 percent following anti-PECAM-1 monoclonal antibody treatment (1.3 +/- 0.5 per 100 microm) (p < 0.01). At 24 hours, endothelial injury in group II was confirmed by a 4-fold increase in the number of transmigrating leukocytes into the interstitial space (7.6 +/- 1.2 per field versus 1.9 +/- 0.4 per field in controls). This phenomenon was reduced by 85 percent following anti-PECAM-1 monoclonal antibody treatment (1.1 +/- 0.2 per field) (p < 0.01). Analysis showed that the number of flowing capillaries was 67 percent lower in group II (6.8 +/- 0.3 to 2.2 +/- 0.7, p < 0.01). Anti-PECAM-1 antibody treatment caused a 2.5-fold increase in this number (5.6 +/- 0.5, p < 0.01). Microcirculatory permeability index showed a 180-percent increase in group II (p < 0.05) when compared with baseline values. This increased albumin leakage was effectively attenuated by antibody treatment (p < 0.05). Blocking the action of PECAM-1 in vivo by administering monoclonal antibodies significantly attenuated ischemia-reperfusion injury, presumably by inhibiting transendothelial migration of neutrophils and by increasing capillary perfusion at a muscle flap microcirculatory level.