QoS-Aware Geographic Routing for Solar-Powered Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Rapid advances in wireless sensor networks require routing protocols which can accommodate new types of power source and data of differing priorities. We describe a QoS-aware geographic routing scheme based on a solar-cell energy model. It exploits an algorithm (APOLLO) that periodically and locally determines the topological knowledge range (KR) of each node, based on an estimated energy budget for the following period which includes the current energy, the predicted energy consumption, and the energy expected from the solar cell. A second algorithm (PISA) runs on each node and uses its knowledge range to determine a route which meets the objectives of each priority level in terms of path delay, energy consumption and reliability. These algorithms maximize scalability and minimize memory requirements by employing a localized routing method which only uses geographic information about the host node and its adjacent neighbors. Simulation results confirm that APOLLO can determine an appropriate KR for each node and that PISA can meet the objectives of each priority level effectively.