Pell Numbers, Pell–Lucas Numbers and Modular Group

Abstract

We show that the matrix A(g), representing the element g = ((xy) 2 (xy 2 ) 2 ) m (m ≥ 1) of the modular group PSL(2,Z) = 〈x,y : x 2 = y 3 = 1〉, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], is a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix whose entries are Pell numbers and whose trace is a Pell–Lucas number. If g fixes elements of [Formula: see text], where d is a square-free positive number, on the circuit of the coset diagram, then d = 2 and there are only four pairs of ambiguous numbers on the circuit.