Origin of biquadratic exchange in magnetic multilayers (invited)

Abstract

We postulate localized-electron states with unpaired spin located within or at the interfaces of an otherwise nonmagnetic metallic spacer layer. Loose exchange coupling of these spins to two ferromagnets mediates a non-Heisenberg exchange coupling between them which includes a biquadratic term. A particular version of the model assumes that each interfacial layer of magnetic atoms is weakly exchange coupled to the remainder of the ferromagnets. This model permits interpretation of the biquadratic-coupling data of Gutierrez et al. for Fe/Al/Fe trilayers and of Fuss et al. for Fe/Au/Fe. According to this interpretation, the observed biquadratic coupling is intrinsic to the ideal multilayer structure rather than due to impurities or structural defects.