Nonlinear modeling as a metrology tool to characterize high intensity focused ultrasound fields

Abstract

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a rapidly growing medical technology with many clinical applications. The safety and efficacy of these applications require accurate characterization of ultrasound fields produced by HIFU systems. Current nonlinear numerical models based on the KZK and Westervelt wave equations have been shown to serve as quantitatively accurate tools for HIFU metrology. One of the critical parts of the modeling is to set a boundary condition at the source. In previous studies we proposed using measurements of low-amplitude fields to determine the source parameters. In this paper, two approaches of setting the boundary condition are reviewed: The acoustic holography method utilizes two-dimensional scanning of pressure amplitude and phase and numerical back-propagation to the transducer surface. An equivalent source method utilizes one-dimensional pressure measurements on the beam axis and in the focal plane. The dimensions and surface velocity of a uniformly vibrating transducer then are determined to match the one-dimensional measurements in the focal region. Nonlinear simulations are performed for increasing pressure levels at the source for both approaches. Several examples showing the accuracy and capabilities of the proposed methods are presented for typical HIFU transducers with different geometries. [Work supported by NIH EB007643.]